Viola pedunculata
| Viola pedunculata | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | Viola |
| Species: | V. pedunculata
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| Binomial name | |
| Viola pedunculata | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Viola pedunculata, the California golden violet, Johnny jump up, or yellow pansy, is a perennial yellow wildflower of the coast and coastal ranges in California and northwestern Baja California.[3] The common name "Johnny jump up" is usually associated with Viola tricolor however, the introduced garden annual.
The plant grows on open, grassy slopes, in chaparral habitats, and in oak woodlands, from sea level to around 3,280 feet (1,000 m). It prefers part shade, but will tolerate sun in many locations.
Description
[edit]Viola pedunculata is a perennial, growing from a spongy rhizome. The plant is often low-growing, but can reach a height of 6 inches (15 cm).
The leaves are 1-5.5 cm long, cordate (heart-shaped) to deltate-ovate (oblong-triangular), scalloped or toothed, and glabrous or hairy.[4] They are summer deciduous.
The fragrant flowers appear in March and April, and are a rich, saturated yellow to yellow-orange, with brown-purple nectar guides on the lower petals. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and are pollinated by native and introduced insects. Dried in air, the seeds weigh about 4 milligrams (0.00014 oz) each.
- Subspecies
Uses
[edit]Culinary
[edit]The leaves were used by the Diegueno and Luiseno indigenous people of California for food:. The young leaves were picked before the flowers appeared in the spring, then boiled, and used as greens.[7]
The flower buds and petals are edible. As with other yellow flowers in the genus Viola, large quantities may cause diarrhea.
An herbal tea or tisane can be brewed from the leaves.
Cultivation
[edit]The plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant by specialty plant nurseries, for planting as a drought tolerant seasonal groundcover or flowering accent plant in native plant and wildlife gardens; and as a potted plant.[8][9]
They are propagated by seed or nursery/garden divisions.[10] The plant prefers rich soil, and no irrigation water in summer, when it is dormant.[8]
When cultivated in colder climates outside its native range where not so hardy, it is most successful when propagated in a cold frame.
References
[edit]- ^ NatureServe (6 December 2024). "Viola pedunculata | NatureServe Explorer". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
- ^ "Viola pedunculata Torr. & A.Gray | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
- ^ "Viola pedunculata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
- ^ Jepson: Viola pedunculata . accessed 3.23.2013
- ^ CalFlora: Viola pedunculata ssp. pedunculata
- ^ USDA: Viola pedunculata ssp. tenuifolia
- ^ Univ. of Michigan: Dearborn — Ethnobotany treatment . accessed 3.23.2013
- ^ a b Las Pilitas horticultural database: Viola pedunculata — (Violet, Yellow Pansy, Johnny jump up, California Golden Violet, and Wild Pansy) . accessed 3.23.2013
- ^ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database (NPIN)
- ^ CNPLX: Viola pedunculata - Nursery and Seed Sources . accessed 3.23.2013
External links
[edit]
- NatureServe secure species
- Viola (plant)
- Flora of California
- Flora of Baja California
- Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
- Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
- Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
- Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
- Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
- Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
- Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
- Indigenous peoples of California topics
- Plants used in Native American cuisine
- Garden plants of North America